Linguistics and Culture of Ancient Migrants to Europe in a Broad Historical Context

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S PREFACE / 6
LIST OF MAPS / 7
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS / 8
INTRODUCTION / 10

CHAPTER I: FUR TRADE: ANCIENT TRADITIONS OF PRECIOUS FUR’S SUPPLY BY THE OGUR-ALTAIC AND FINNO-UGRIC PEOPLES OF EURASIA

1.1. Ancient Chinese chronicles / 15
1.2. Herodotus narrative describing the trade caravan’s journey to the West and East of the Ob’ and Irtish rivers / 19
1.3. Argippaei, Issedones, and Sogdians – principal ancient peoples involve in the fur trade of Inner Asia / 20
1.4. Hsiung-Nu and Sogdians – the continuators of trade traditions, especially fur trade, in Inner Asia and silk trade in Central Asia / 27

CHAPTER II: FUR TRADE: WEST OF THE IRTISH AND OB’ RIVERS AND WEST OF THE YAIK (URAL) MOUNTAINS

II.1. Furs Supplied by FINNO-UGRIC and OGURIC Peoples of Eurasia / 30
II.2. Written sources and Archaeological discoveries / 32
II.2.1. The Sabirs > Suvars~Suwars / 33
II.2.2. The Oguric-Bulgar > Onogurs / 38
II.2.3. Trading with the Baltic Sea Ports since the Time of Mujung Dynasty of Munjug, to Attila – Rulers of the Hunnic Bulgar Empire in Europe / 39
II.2.4. The Dynasty of Mujung (>Munjug) and Its Role in European Commerce / 41
II.3. What Did Arab Travellers and Geographers Knew About the Territories West of the Ob’ and Irtish Rivers / 43
II.3.1. Ibn Fadlan’s voyage to Idel Bulgar (Volga Bulgar) and the description of fur trade in that country / 44
II.3.2. Abu Hamid al Garnati about the Idel Bulgars as main trader of precious furs / 46
II.3.3. Ibn Battuta’s narrative on the „dumb trade“ in precious furs to the north of Idel Bulgar / 48
II.3.4. „Bulgan“, „Bulagan“ and the securing of trade routes by the Mongols after the XII century / 51

CHAPTER III: HISTORICAL – LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS ON THE FUR LEXICON IN THE IDEL (VOLGA) AND YAIC (URAL) REGION

III.1. The domain of the terms „tire“, „kün“, „bolgar“, and „bolgariy“ / 54
III.2. Leather and Fur Garments / 59
III.3. Footwear Terminologies / 67
III.4. Designations for Leather Articles Used in Everyday Life / 79

CHAPTER IV: ANCIENT ETHNIC AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT REFLECTED BY THE ROLE OF THE HORSE IN PARTS OF EURASIA

IV.1. Who are the Peoples Known as Hsiung-Hu? / 82
IV.1.1. What Does „Turkic“ Mean? / 82
IV.1.2. Geographic Coordinators / 83
IV.2. Nomadism: Horse’s Role in the Ethnical, Pastoral and Trading Nomadism / 84
IV.2.1. Ting-Ling, as Denomination for „Nomad“ and „Nomadism“ / 85
IV.2.2. High-Carts: From Ting-Ling to Kao-Che / 87
IV.2.3. „Kao-Che“ in Some Centum European Languages / 88
IV.3. Horse Breeds in the Territory of Tarim Basin / 89
IV.3.1. Brief Historical Context on Events in the Tarim Basin Territory / 92
IV.4. The Role of the Horses in the Bulgar Hsiung-Nu Empire in central Asia and the Hunnic – Bulgar Empire in Europe / 93
IV.5. Etymology of Munjuq (<Mujung) Son’s Names / 101
IV.5.1. Etymological Comparisons of the Ethnical Designation Onogundur – The Equestrian Eurasian People / 112

CHAPTER V: THE HORSE AND ITS INFLUENCES ON THE BULGAR’S PERCEPTIONS / 115

V.1. The Horse in Symbolic Government Functions and Honorific Titles / 118
V.2. Terms Derived out of Horses’ Characteristics / 120
V.3. Tochar Indo-European Language and Some Mutual Word Borrowings in the Oguric-Bulgar Language / 122

CONCLUDING REMARKS / 126
WHAT DOES HISTORY TEACH US / 131
РЕЗЮМЕ (SUMMARY) / 132
BIBLIOGRAPHY / 139
INDEX / 155